Disorders of the hematopoietic system - cause of pseudoabdominal syndrome

Abstract

Acute and chronic abdominal pain are common complaints in emergency room, with causes ranging from benign to lethal complications. Among these causes are the hematopoietic system diseases: leukaemias, lymphomas, spleen pathologies. Depending on the type of disease and its clinical course, it may manifest as abdominal syndrome. A literature review of the relevant literature from the PubMed searchable database of the National Centre for Biotechnology Information from 2015-2025 was conducted and was analyzed a clinical case. Patients diagnosed with leukaemias, lymphomas or who have sustained spleen rupture present non-specific clinical picture: acute and chronic abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention mimicking abdominal syndrome of a digestive cause. In clinical trials, acute lymphoid and myeloid leukaemia probes with appendicitis in 4.4% cases and typhlitis up to 10%. The cells may cause luminal obstruction of the vermicular appendix, or directly infiltrate the organs. Rarely, acute abdomen arises from primary appendiceal lymphoma, presenting symptoms of classic appendicitis, additionally with palpable mass in the right lower quadrant. Acute myeloid leukaemia with leukostasis in the spleen may lead to nontraumatic spleen rupture, with manifestations of pain in the left upper left abdomen, haemodynamic derangements and circulatory shock. Although the majority of patients with signs of abdominal syndrome suffer from a digestive cause, in rarer cases the aetiology is haematopoietic system damage. Neglecting these causes decreases the patient’s chances of survival, so thorough history and physical examinations are essential for successful differential diagnosis and serious complications prevention.