Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains: narrative synthesis
Keywords:
Staphylococcus aureus, resistance mechanisms, antimicrobialsAbstract
One of the causes of the increasing incidence in recent years, worldwide, of bacterial infections resulting in therapeutic failure is the unjustified use of antimicrobials and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance factors. Currently, infections, caused by Staphylococcus aureus appear to be caused by a pathogen multiresistant to a very wide range of antimicrobials used in medical practice. A narrative synthesis study was conducted. The analysis of publications between 2012-2022 was carried out regarding the theoretical aspects of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus strains, by using the terms "Resistance mechanisms", "Resistance genes", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Antimicrobial preparations". The initial search yielded 44 articles, from which 27 eligible papers were selected and analyzed. S. aureus is one of the most important pathogens in terms of antimicrobial resistance, as it has been able to develop resistance mechanisms to almost all preparations used against it. This species can easily exemplify adaptive evolution to antimicrobials, as it has demonstrated a unique ability to rapidly respond to each new antibiotic by developing a resistance mechanism, starting with penicillin and methicillin, and ending with the newer ones, linezolid and daptomycin. The main mechanisms of S. aureus resistance to antimicrobials are enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic, modification of the attack target, antibiotic uptake and efflux pumps. Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms are very diverse and can be intrinsic or acquired, therefore understanding them can create new treatment alternatives for infectious pathology and facilitate the development of new antimicrobials that will counteract the attempts of microorganisms to become resistant.
References
1. Balan G., Covantev S., Cazacu-Stratu A. et al. Frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in healthcare associated infections in the Republic of Moldova. In: Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology. 2017, pp. 79-84.
2. Banerjee T., Anupurba S. Colonization with vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains containing the vanA resistance gene in a tertiary-care center in North India. In: J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012, 50, pp. 1730-1732. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.06208-11
3. Cassini A., Diaz Högberg L., Plachouras D. et al. Attributable deaths and disability adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A population-level modeling analysis. In: Lancet Infect. Dis. 2019.
4. Chambers H., Deleo F. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. In: Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 7, pp. 629-641. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2200
5. Courvalin P. Vancomycin resistance in Gram-positive cocci. In: Clin Infect Dis. 2006, 42 (Suppl 1), pp. 25-S34. https://doi.org/10.1086/491711
6. Craft K., Elly M., Nguyen J., Berg L. et al. Townsend Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): antibiotic-resistance and the biofilm phenotype. In: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9MD00044E
7. Foster T. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects. In: FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2017, pp. 430-449. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux007
8. Foster T. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects In: FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Vol. 41, Issue 3, 2017, pp. 430-449. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux007
9. Gardete S., Tomasz A. Mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. In: J. Clin. Investig. 2014, 124, pp. 2836-2840. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI68834
10. Gardiner B., Grayson M., Wood G. Inducible resistance to clindamycin in Staphylococcus aureus: Validation of Vitek-2 against CLSI D-test. In: Pathology. 2013, 45, pp. 181-184. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAT.0b013e32835cccda
11. Garrido-Mesa N.; Zarzuelo A., Gálvez J. Minocycline: Far beyond an antibiotic. In: Br. J. Pharmacol. 2013, 169, pp. 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12139
12. Hiramatsu K., Kayayama Y., Matsuo M. et al. Vancomycin-intermediate resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. In: J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2014, 2, pp. 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2014.04.006
13. Jiang J., Bhuiyan M., Shen H. et al. Antibiotic resistance and host immune evasion in Staphylococcus aureus mediated by a metabolic adaptation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, pp. 3722-3727. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812066116
14. Kelmani Chandrakanth R., Raju S., Patil S. Aminoglycoside-resistance mechanisms in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. In: Curr. Microbiol. 2008, 56, pp. 558-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-008-9123-y
15. Long K., Vester B. Resistance to linezolid caused by modifications at its binding site on the ribosome. In: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012, 56, pp. 603-612. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05702-11
16. Mcaleese F., Petersen P., Ruzin A. et al. A novel MATE family efflux pump contributes to the reduced susceptibility of laboratory-derived Staphylococcus aureus mutants to tigecycline. In: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49, pp. 1865-1871. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.5.1865-1871.2005
17. Mcguinness W., Malachowa N., Deleo F. Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. In: Yale J Biol Med. 2017, 90(2), pp. 269-281.
18. Miller W., Bayer A., Arias C. Mechanism of action and resistance to daptomycin in Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. In: Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2016, p. 6. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a026997
19. Nazarian, S.; Akhondi, H. Minocycline; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2021.
20. Prisacari V., Buga D., Berdeu I. Aspecte epidemiologice în ulcerele trofice cu Staphylococcus meticilino-rezistent. În: One Healt & Risk Management, 2021, vol. 2(2), p. 51-57. ISSN 2587-3458. https://doi.org/10.38045/ohrm.2021.2.07
21. Prisacari V., Buga D., Berdeu I. Nosocomial infections with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus: epidemiogenic situation at day, solutions. In: Akademos, 2017, nr. 4(47), pp. 72-76. ISSN 2231-0584.
22. Sedaghat H., Nasr Esfahani B., Mobasherizadeh S. et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of macrolide resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Isfahan, Iran. Iran. In: J. Microbiol. 2017, 9, pp. 264-270.
23. Tsiodras S., Gold H., Sakoulas G. et al. Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. In: Lancet 2001, 358, pp. 207-208.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05410-1
24. Villar M., Marimon J., Garcia-Arenzana J. et al. Epidemiological and molecular aspects of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds, blood and respiratory samples. In: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2011, 66, pp. 997-1000. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr059
25. Walsh C. Antibiotics That Block Protein Synthesis. In Antibiotics: Challenges, Mechanisms, Opportunities; ASM Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2016, pp. 114-146. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555819316.ch6
26. Walsh C. Major Classes of Antibiotics and Their Modes of Action. In: Antibiotics: Challenges, Mechanisms, Opportunities; ASM Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2016; pp. 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555819316.ch2
27. Yanguang C., Sijin Y., Xiancai R. Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A review of case updating and clinical features. In: Journal of Advanced Research. 2020, pp. 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2019.10.005
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
