Facilitating neuroplasticity and reducing anxiety related to the therapeutic management of amblyopia through virtual reality techniques

Abstract

mmersive virtual reality (VRi) is currently understood as the transposition of a virtual environment
generated by a graphics processing unit into a stereoscopic manner through specialized equipment
such as virtual headsets. The recent accessibility of iVR
equipment, determined by the massive investments
of large corporations have indirectly facilitated the
implementation of the potential of virtual reality in
medicine. Along with the overcoming of the graphical
processing deficit, concepts were turned to real types
of equipment that nowadays possess the capacity to
offer synesthetic visual, auditory and haptic stimuli
at a level that impair human capacity to differentiate
reality from the virtual. The concept of gamification
therapy enhances therapeutical potential within a
playful interface, and was already proven to be capable
of facilitating the dynamics of rehabilitation in neurological, psychiatric or motor disorders, by amplifying the
patient’s motivation. As iVR opens new perspectives
in ophthalmology, such as monitoring patient-related
outcome measures through standard automated perimetry, current literature reflects a growing interest
in also improving therapeutical outcomes. This paper aims to assess the current state of the art regarding the applicability of iVR in the treatment of amblyopia, as well as the influence on the anxiety valences associated with the recovery process of stereoscopic vision, focusing in the manner recovery benefits from virtual reality by providing a dynamic frame, which avoids fixed head positions, indirectly reducing the stress associated with the current gold standard. According to the literature, the recovery of anisometropic amblyopia with the help of iVR has led to significant improvements since the first treatment session, with an upward trend in the deficit recovery curve positively correlated with the repetitiveness of exercises and maintenance of long-term benefits of exposure sessions. Last but not least, iVR technology may become a tool used to diagnose and quantify the level of visual impairment in amblyopia. iVR represents a disruptive technology whose impact in ophthalmology benefits the transition of contemporary medicine to the future of individualized techniques, designed to improve therapeutic efficacy depending on the individual characteristics of the patient. In conclusion, although iVR stands as a promising therapeutic ophthalmological tool, there is a growing need for implementation as the lack of a standardized means of research designs calls for the expertise of medical experts worldwide.